fundamental rights and duties

In the Indian Constitution, fundamental rights and fundamental duties are two crucial aspects that guide the rights and responsibilities of citizens. These provisions are enshrined in Part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV-A (Fundamental Duties) of the Constitution. Here's an overview of fundamental rights and fundamental duties in India:

Fundamental Rights:

Fundamental rights are the individual rights and freedoms that are guaranteed to all citizens of India. They are enforceable by the courts, and any violation of these rights can be challenged in a court of law. Some of the key fundamental rights in India include:

1. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18): This includes the right to equality before the law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and the abolition of untouchability.

2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22): This includes the right to freedom of speech and expression, right to assemble peacefully and without arms, right to form associations or unions, right to move freely throughout the territory of India, and the right to reside and settle in any part of the country.

3. Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24): This prohibits trafficking in human beings, forced labor, and employment of children in hazardous jobs.

4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28): This guarantees the freedom of conscience and the right to practice, profess, and propagate any religion.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30): These protect the rights of minorities to conserve their culture, establish and administer educational institutions of their choice, and receive aid from the state for educational purposes.

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32): This empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It's often referred to as the "heart and soul" of the Indian Constitution.

Fundamental Duties:

Fundamental duties were added to the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976. Unlike fundamental rights, these duties are not enforceable by the courts, but they serve as ethical and moral obligations for citizens to fulfill. As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, there are 11 fundamental duties listed in Article 51-A of the Constitution, which include:

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions.

2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom.

3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.

4. To defend the country and render national service when required.

5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India.

6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

7. To protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife.

8. To develop a scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

9. To safeguard public property and abjure violence.

10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity.

11. To provide opportunities for education to one's child between the ages of 6 and 14 years.

It's important to note that while fundamental rights are legally enforceable and protect individual liberties, fundamental duties are aspirational in nature, promoting the idea of responsible citizenship and social harmony. The list of fundamental duties can be amended by Parliament through legislative action.