maxims of teaching

 These maxims are commonly referred to as "pedagogical principles" and are fundamental to effective teaching. Here they are:

1. From Known to Unknown:

   • Start with what students already know or have experienced, and build new knowledge upon that foundation. Relating new information to familiar concepts facilitates learning.

2. From Simple to Complex:

   • Present content in a logical sequence, beginning with simpler ideas or skills and gradually introducing more complex or advanced concepts.

3. From Concrete to Abstract:

   • Begin with concrete, tangible examples and gradually move toward more abstract and theoretical concepts. This helps students grasp abstract ideas by connecting them to tangible experiences.

4. From Particular to General:

   • Start with specific examples or cases and then generalize to broader principles or concepts. This approach helps students understand the underlying patterns and principles.

5. From Whole to Part:

   • Present the entire concept or subject before breaking it down into its individual components. This provides students with a holistic understanding before delving into details.

6. Analysis to Synthesis:

   • Encourage students to analyze components or elements of a topic before synthesizing them into a comprehensive understanding. This supports critical thinking and problem-solving.

7. Empirical to Rational:

   • Begin with empirical observations or concrete evidence before introducing abstract theories or models. This helps students connect theory to real-world experiences.

8. Actual to Representative:

   • Use actual, tangible examples before introducing representative or symbolic representations of concepts. This aids in bridging the gap between concrete and abstract thinking.

9. Psychological to Logical:

   • Consider the cognitive development and psychological readiness of students when structuring instruction. Gradually lead them toward more complex, logical reasoning.

These maxims are foundational in curriculum design and instructional planning. They recognize the importance of sequencing and structuring content in a way that aligns with how students naturally learn and make connections between concepts. By following these principles, educators can optimize the learning process and enhance students' understanding and retention of information.